Garden Style Trivia

Gardening has been around for centuries — an old-fashioned pleasure and also a survival skill. As Master Gardeners our task is to “make recommendations ... disseminate scientifically defensible information approved by the University of California” to others also interested in gardening. Yet the style of our own garden can't easily be pinned down and our preferences are probably as varied and unique as our individual personality, philosophy, heritage, and experiences.

 

Some of us prefer symmetry and organization in our gardens. Others of us allow plants “that are making a go of it” to simply grow — whenever and wherever they want. The older I get, the more I recognize that I often stand with feet in both furrows, juggling my expectations with seasonal realities and the inevitability of change.

 

Here's a cursory glance at six garden styles that changed the English countryside from the 1st to the 20th century as each style superseded the prior style for a myriad of reasons:

 

Roman gardens were planted on the grounds of villas and palaces after the conquest of Brittan during 1st century AD. These gardens featured formal low box hedges and gravel walkways. Statues and urns adorned niches. Seating areas were incorporated into these gardens. Plants brought from the Mediterranean were mixed with native species.

 

Medieval gardens that appeared in England during the Middle Ages were often small enclosed areas featuring kitchen and herb gardens for food and medicine, especially within the courtyards of cloistered monasteries and on castle grounds in which “turf seats” or mounds offered views above the walls.

 

Tudor gardens were enclosed by walls or hedges, reflecting Renaissance ideals of order and control. These gardens mirrored the Italian influence of creating harmony and lineal proportion by aligning the garden with the house. Ornate statues and sundials made a comeback. Intriguing patterns were introduced by arranging the low hedges in intricate patterns, known as “knots.” White represented the purity of purpose. Green conveyed strength and virility.

Stuart gardens took the patterned garden to a grander scale under the rule of Charles II in 1660. Following his return from exile in France with two of Louis XIV's gardeners, French-style gardens were the rage — formal flowerbeds surrounding the house, rectangular patterned hedges, large walking paths and avenues, some lined with trees, fanning out from a central point.

 

Georgian gardens meant informal park-like settings with landscaped grounds and gardens. The manor house became part of the farmland. Trees were planted in clusters instead of lining avenues, rectangular ponds evolved into circular lakes as a natural look replaced formality. Head gardener at Stowe Gardens, Lancelot “Capability” Brown, was so passionate about this style that he promoted the “lawn mowing” cattle and sheep to graze right up to the windows of a house.

 

Victorian gardens brought back the flowerbeds and color. Seedlings and starts raised in greenhouses provided the “bedding out plants.” Citrus trees from China and never before seen plant species collected during expeditions could now be propagated in a protected space. Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, which was heated by coal, was one of the largest greenhouses with 7,035 square feet of glass. Public gardens and green spaces were introduced. The cottage garden led the way into the 20th century through the passion and persistence of gardener, Gertrude Jekyll, who saw her flowerbeds as a large painting canvas after a doctor told her to give up both painting and embroidery because of her poor eyesight.

Roman gardens often had a small kitchen garden that included common fruits and vegetables?

 

Medieval gardens in monasteries featured a well and fountain centered in an open space surrounded by covered walkways?

 

Knotted patterns in Tudor gardens were influenced by fashion — the crisscross strap-like patterns displayed in home decor, embroidered on clothing and featured on jewelry?

 

The formal flowerbeds in Stuart gardens are known as “parterres”?

 

Starting in 1714, Georgian gardens were designed with a large deep ditch that separated the house from the park-like landscape to kept grazing animals at a distance without the need to install a fence or plant a hedge that would spoil the view?

 

Victorian gardens with glass conservatories for raising bedding plants were expensive in the early 19th century due to a tax on glass?

 

The correct answer to each question is true.

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Sources: 
California Master Gardener's Handbook, Chapter 1 Overview, “Master Gardeners and The Many Philosophies of Home Gardening,” pg 3

 

See article with photographs (“English gardens - a short history”) at https://www.britainexpress.com/History/english-gardens.htm

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